편입영어 · 논증의 결론과 근거 범위

A city planted trees on streets where summer temperatures were already lower than the city average. Three years later those streets remained cooler, and officials attributed the difference to the planting programme. Yet the comparison did not show whether the temperature gap had widened. The streets also had wider pavements and lower buildings before planting began. Trees may have provided additional shade, but the observed difference combines any such effect with pre-existing features. A stronger evaluation would compare changes over time on similar streets, including some without new trees, rather than treating a later difference as if it had originated with the intervention.

A city planted trees on streets where summer temperatures were already lower than the city average. Three years later those streets remained cooler, and officials attributed the difference to the planting programme. Yet the comparison did not show whether the temperature gap had widened. The streets also had wider pavements and lower buildings before planting began. Trees may have provided additional shade, but the observed difference combines any such effect with pre-existing features. A stronger evaluation would compare changes over time on similar streets, including some without new trees, rather than treating a later difference as if it had originated with the intervention.

A critic argues that public libraries should preserve quiet reading areas even as they introduce workshops and social events. Supporters of the events point to increased attendance, and the critic accepts that attracting new visitors is valuable. Her concern is that attendance figures say little about whether people seeking sustained reading can still find suitable space. She proposes placing noisier activities in separate rooms and measuring both kinds of use. The argument is not a choice between a silent library and a popular one. It asks whether expansion can be organised without removing the conditions that make another service useful.

A critic argues that public libraries should preserve quiet reading areas even as they introduce workshops and social events. Supporters of the events point to increased attendance, and the critic accepts that attracting new visitors is valuable. Her concern is that attendance figures say little about whether people seeking sustained reading can still find suitable space. She proposes placing noisier activities in separate rooms and measuring both kinds of use. The argument is not a choice between a silent library and a popular one. It asks whether expansion can be organised without removing the conditions that make another service useful.

A transport trial found that volunteers using a new travel app changed routes more often than nonusers. The volunteers had applied to join a programme advertised as a way to explore unfamiliar parts of the city. The comparison therefore mixed the use of the app with an existing willingness to experiment. Before crediting the app alone, researchers would need to examine how participants were selected and whether comparable travellers without the app changed routes during the same period.